ATOMIC BOMBING OF JAPAN
World War II ended in Europe by May of 1945 with the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allied Powers, but the war did not officially end in the Pacific Theater until the atomic bombing of Japan in August of 1945. The United States had developed its atomic weaponry through its secretive program called the Manhattan Project.
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The first atomic bomb dropped on Japan was codenamed Little Boy and was detonated over the city of Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945. Hiroshima is a city on the largest island of Japan and had a population of over 400,000 at the time of the atomic bombing. The atomic bomb was carried to its target by an American B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay after United States President, Harry S. Truman, approved its use against Japan. The bomber was named after the mother of the pilot who flew the B-29 in the mission, Colonel Paul Tibbets. The Enola Gay had taken off from the Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean and flew for approximately 6 hours before it was over the city of Hiroshima at approximately 8:15am on the morning of August 6th, 1945. The bomber moved across the skyline of Hiroshima and centered on its target in the center of the city. It then dropped the Little Boy bomb which fell until it was just over 1900 feet above the city. The Little Boy bomb was detonated over the city to maximize its effect and to prevent the shockwave of the bomb from losing its impact as it collided with the earth. The Enola Gay had 43 seconds from the time of dropping the bomb to its detonation in order to escape the area and be outside of the area of the explosion.
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Crew of the Enola Gay
Little Boy
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Hiroshima Explosion
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When it detonated, the bomb instantly gave off an intense and bright flash of light. The light given off by an atomic bomb is such that it causes materials to light on fire instantaneously if it is within the range of the bomb. In the case of the Little Boy bomb, it caused the total destruction of Hiroshima within a 1 mile radius. After the flash of intense light, the city was destroyed by a powerful shock wave that would have almost all structures inside of the 1 mile radius of the blast. In fact, most of the structures in Hiroshima were made out of wood and paper and therefore did not withstand the intense fires and shockwave caused by the blast. Historians estimate that between 70,000 to 80,000 people were killed instantly by the bomb while another 70,000 died in the days and weeks that followed due to their burns and high levels of radiation. Those that were outside of the blast radius suffered terrible burns to any skin that had been exposed to the bright flash of the bomb. As well, they suffered any other injuries from the shockwave throwing debris within the city. The bombing of Hiroshima was the single greatest death caused by one weapon in human history.
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Immediately after the bombing, the United States called for the full and unconditional surrender of Japan. However, the Japanese leadership delayed and did not respond to the American demands for surrender and on August 9th, the United States carried out another atomic bombing against Japan in the city of Nagasaki.
The city of Nagasaki was located in the south east of Japan and had approximately 240,000 people. The atomic bomb used against Nagasaki was called the Fat Man and was delivered to the city on August 9th by the American B-29 bomber Bockscar. Originally, the Japanese city of Kokura was the primary target for the bombing of August 9th, but Bockscar was unable to complete the bombing and instead went to its secondary target of Nagasaki. When Bockscar arrived at the city of Kokura, it found thick clouds and smoke that made it difficult for the bomber crew to find the target for the actual bombing. After three separate flights across the skyline of Kokura on the morning of August 9th, and unable to find their target, the bombing of Kokura was abandoned in favor of the secondary target of Nagasaki. Bockscar arrived over Nagasaki by the late morning and the Fat Man bomb was dropped at 11:01am. Although the Fat Man bomb was more powerful than the Little Man bomb used against Hiroshima it caused less deaths and more absorbed into the territory around Nagasaki. In total, approximately 70,000 died instantly in Nagasaki and the city was devastated by the shockwave of the original blast and the resulting fires.
Bockscar Bomber
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Nagasaki Explosion
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Fat Man
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Japan’s surrender was announced on August 15th, and World War II in the Pacific was over. The formal surrender of Japan would occur on September 2nd, 1945 aboard the United States battleship USS Missouri. There, Japanese officials signed the official Instrument of Surrender.
The atomic bombing of Japan by the United States in 1945 is one of the most controversial events in all of world history and many have argued both in favor of using the weapon and against using it in order to end World War II. Regardless, the atomic bombing is a significant event for its role in ending World War II and for the impact it would have on all future warfare.